|
- 帖子
- 21
- 积分
- 587
- 威望
- 436 点
- 金币
- 0 个
- 性别
- 男
- 注册时间
- 2004-2-23
 
|
1楼
发表于 2004-3-15 14:26
| 只看该作者
翻译技巧之词法翻译(一)
<TABLE height=143 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 align=center border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=bottom colSpan=6 height=30><FONT id=kun>一、翻译的基本单位<BR>熟悉了翻译的基本概念，着手翻译的时候， 译者面对的问题千头万绪，其中一个根本的问题是翻译单位。有人认为翻译单位应该是以思维单位为基础，也有人从翻译实践看，认为翻译单位应该是可以看到的语言单位为基础。随之而来的问题是究竟是以原语的语言单位还是译语的语言单位为基础，来寻找译语或原语的对应单位？<BR>从翻译实践来看， 翻译单位是指在译语中可以找到的与原语语言单位相对应的份量相等的单位。它可以是：音位、词素、词、词组、句子和语篇。<BR>1．音位（Phoneme）<BR>音位是最小的语言单位，具有语音上的区别特征，本身并不承载语义。翻译时，如原文中的音位需要在译文中对应，音位便成了翻译单位。如：Laser, Lincoln, nylon, copy, Denver, CocaCola, 专有名词和人名等的翻译。<BR>2． 词素（morpheme）<BR>词素是最小的有意义的语言单位，如：walking 有两个词素，dreamy, post-Deng. 词素作为翻译单位的机会极少。<BR>3．词<BR>词是大家最熟悉的语言单位，但是翻译中以词为翻译单位的情况并不多，这是因为英汉语的句法差异较大。 如：The man died 和the man died yesterday. <BR>4． 词组<BR>词组有时也是翻译的单位， 如：what we should not do in this situation is to fish in troubled waters. 句中的to fish in troubled waters 就有必要作为一个单位来译。<BR>5．句子<BR>句子是作家写作的基本单位，因此它是译者翻译的基本单位。其他翻译单位知识偶尔使用，而句子则是经常使用的翻译单位。<BR>如：this method of trading is safe, if not safer than giving credit card numbers over the telephone. P. Newmark 倾向于用句子作为翻译的单位。 <BR>6．语篇<BR>语篇是交际功能上相对完整和独立的语言片段。 它不只是一连串句子和段落的简单集合， 而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。语篇的形式可长可短。译者应培养语篇意识，即把握全局的意识。如在解读原文的时候， 某一个词的词义可能要靠前后几段的某个语境加以解释，而这几段文字就可看作是一个语篇。但这么大的语言结构在表达时很难拿来作为翻译的单位，因为它会给译者无限的自由。当然也不是大的语篇结构就永远也不能作为翻译的单位。 有些文体如广告等， 就可以是一个翻译单位。<BR>7．灵活运用翻译单位这一概念<BR><BR>二、对等译法<BR>所谓对等译法指的是：在译语中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。因此，对等译法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。一般说来，英汉两种语言在单词的对等上几率最高，而词组、成语和谚语的对等几率相对差一些。<BR><BR>（一）单词<BR><BR>1.英汉两种语言在单词的对等译法上需要注意的是：<BR>l英语有丰富的同义词<BR>l英语一词多义和一词多用的现象比较普遍<BR>e.g. like <BR>The two buildings are very like.<BR>这两座楼很相像。（形容词）<BR>Don’t treat me like a guest.<BR>别把我当客人。（介词）<BR>Like enough, the ship will arrive in the port tomorrow.<BR>这条船很可能名天进港。<BR>Like knows like.<BR>英雄识英雄。名词<BR>I hope I can drive the car like you do. (conj.) <BR>我希望开汽车开得象你一样好。<BR>I don’t like smoking. (verb)<BR>l词义一一对关系的词是极少的，最主要的是部分对应关系<BR>l词义宽窄的不同<BR>1．汉语有些词义较英语宽。<BR>山 hill, mountain<BR>借 lend, borrow<BR>拿 take, bring, fetch<BR>叫 cry, shout, call<BR>笑 smile, laugh<BR>门 door, gate<BR>大学 university, college<BR>闻 hear, smell<BR>2．英语有些词义较汉语宽。<BR>Wear 穿、戴<BR>River 江、河<BR>Marriage 娶、嫁<BR>Net 网、帐子<BR>Brother 兄弟、同胞、同业、社友、会友<BR> resident 总统、长官、校长、主席、董事长<BR>Brother-in-law 姻兄、内弟、妹夫、内兄<BR>Uncle 伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父、叔叔<BR>l观察事物的角度和联想不同<BR>Close the door behind you .---着眼点在人所处的位置<BR>随手关门。---着眼于手<BR><BR>联想不同的例子。<BR>As timid as a hare. 胆小如鼠<BR>As strong as a horse. 身壮如牛<BR>A sea of faces. 人山人海<BR>l 习俗不同，背景不同<BR>to wear one’s Sunday best 穿上最好的衣服<BR>as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗<BR>fool’s paradise 黄粱美梦<BR>l词的涵义和搭配不同<BR>parent ticket 给家长的 入场券 <BR>shoe habit 穿鞋的习惯<BR>wheat farmers 种小麦的农民<BR>street sense 在街上辨别方向的能力 <BR>life work 毕生奋斗的事业<BR>l词语的排列顺序不同<BR>前后 back and forth<BR>新旧 old and new<BR>冷热 hot and cold<BR>血肉 flesh and blood<BR>悲欢 joy and sorrow<BR>水火 fire and water<BR>同一的 one and the same<BR>不论晴雨 rain or shine<BR>饥寒交迫 suffer from cold and hunger<BR>l 英语中习惯用的数词与汉语不同<BR>think twice 三思后行<BR>in two minds 三心二意<BR>in three and fours 三五成行 <BR>at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟<BR>in ore or two words 三言两语<BR>one in a thousand 百里挑一<BR>2.词汇互译的一些方法<BR>a)准确理解词义<BR>选词义时必须掌握下面三项要领：根据上下文辩词义，论褒贬、看搭配。<BR>1.根据上下文辩词义<BR>即必须根据该词在文中的地位， 联系上下文的逻辑。决定其译义。通常多义词在各种不同的关系中有不同的意义，如：<BR>We passed another town before daylight . <BR>我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。<BR>I used to pass the whole evening that way.<BR>以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。<BR>Now the moment has passed.<BR>现在已经错过机会了。<BR>If I kept on reading that feeling would pass.<BR>如果我这样继续读下去， 这种感觉会消失。<BR>That vessel will soon be passing us.<BR>那只船就要和我们相遇了。<BR>We knew what was passing in his mind.<BR>我们知道他心理在想些什么。<BR>她说英语。 He speaks English.<BR>他说谎。 He is telling a lie.<BR>他说他很忙。He says he is busy.<BR>我说不清楚。I’m unable to express myself clearly.<BR>这可说不得。 It must not be mentioned.<BR>别胡说八道。 Be reasonable. <BR>2.论褒贬<BR>任何语言都由语体之分，有文雅，有通俗，有粗野；环有俚语，公文语及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物性格特征。翻译时必须审气雅俗，量其轻重。恰如其分地表达原文的精神。有人把翻译的分寸归纳为：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬、感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。<BR>a)词义有轻重的不同。<BR>如：用来表示“打破”的词：<BR>break 是最一般的用语，意思是经打击或施加压力而破碎。<BR>Crack 是出现了裂缝，但没有变成碎片。<BR>Crush 是从外面用力往内或从上往下压而破碎。<BR>Demolish 是破坏、铲除或削平土堆、建筑物或城堡<BR>Destroy 是在物质上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁，使之无法复原。<BR>Shatter 是突然使一个物体破碎<BR>Smash 是指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带声响而彻底粉碎。<BR>又如：闪光<BR>shine 照耀：指光的稳定发射。<BR>Glitter 闪光：指光的不稳定发射<BR>Glare 耀眼: 表示光的最强度。<BR>sparkle 闪烁：指发射微细的光度。<BR>Twinkle 闪烁：指轻快有节奏的闪烁。<BR>再如：笑<BR>laugh 大笑<BR>smile 微笑<BR>giggle 傻笑<BR>chuckle 抿着嘴笑<BR>beaming 满脸笑容<BR>jeer 嘲笑<BR>guffaw 放声大笑， 狂笑<BR>smirk 沙笑， 得意的笑<BR>grin 露齿一笑<BR>b) 词义有范围大小和侧重的不同<BR>如： agriculture, farming, cultivation, agronomy <BR>agriculture: 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，所包括的范围最广。<BR>Farming : 指农业的实践。<BR>Cultivation: 指农作物的栽培过程。<BR>Agronomy: 指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中的实践。<BR>c)摹拟动作情状的不同<BR>walk 走<BR>saunter 悠然自得地走<BR>amble 从容不迫地走<BR>stride 大踏步地走<BR>trudge 步履艰难的走<BR>traipse 懒散疲惫地走<BR>shamble 蹒跚地走<BR>prance 昂首阔步的走<BR>scamper 蹦蹦跳地走 <BR>clump 拖着沉重的步伐走<BR>d)词义有感情色彩（如憎恶、蔑视、嘲讽、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等）和语体色彩（庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉用语等）的不同。<BR>如：死<BR>to expire <BR>to pass away <BR>to close(end) one’s day<BR>to breathe one’s last<BR>to go west<BR>to pay the debt of nature<BR>to depart to the world of shadows<BR>to give up the ghost<BR>to kick the bucket<BR>又如：怀孕<BR> She is having a baby.<BR> She is expecting.<BR> She is in a family way.<BR> She is in a delicate condition.<BR>再如：<BR>oliceman<BR>Cop<BR>Horse 一般用语<BR>Steed 用于诗歌<BR>The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt.<BR>We have mapped out a scheme.<BR>3.看搭配<BR>That beats me.<BR>真把我难住了。<BR>We can beat him.<BR>我们可以打败她。<BR>He was cursing to beat the band.<BR>他骂了个痛快淋漓。<BR>These constant changes in the weather beat me.<BR>这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。<BR>He can beat me hollow at mathematics.<BR>他的数学比我高明千万倍。<BR>It beats me how he did it.<BR>我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。<BR>The long tramp beats me.<BR>长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。<BR>They beat their swords into plowshares.<BR>他们化剑为犁。<BR>b)活用词典<BR>如furiously 再词典上为“狂怒地”，译者不能遇到这个词便对号入座。它在不同的上下文中可翻译为：怒气冲冲，满脸怒气、勃然大怒、大为光火、火冒三丈、怒火中烧、大发雷霆、怒从心头起、气炸了肺。<BR>c) 词的引申<BR>翻译时，有时会遇到某些词，在词典上找不到适当的词义，如照样硬搬，逐字死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能去确切表达原意，这时就要根据上下文和逻辑关系， 从该词的基本意思出发，进一步引申词义，选择恰当的词汇来翻译。引申的方法如：词义抽象化，具体化、改变句子结构、增词、减词、转换词性等， 见下。<BR><BR>（二）成语<BR>成语的对等翻译是从三个方面体现出来的，即：<BR>a)比喻意义<BR>b)感情色彩<BR>c)比喻形式<BR>在对等上，比喻意义最为重要，其次是感情色彩，再者是比喻形式。翻译时尽可能再现比喻意义和感情色彩，同时兼顾比喻形式，若不能兼顾则要大胆舍去形式。<BR>具体的例子见教程p45。<BR> 插科打诨： gag，make impromptu comic gestures and remarks<BR> 畅所欲言： say one’s say<BR> 称心如意： to one’s heart’s content, satisfactory<BR> 了如指掌： have sth. at one’s finger-tips, <BR>know as one know his ten fingers;<BR>know as well as a beggar knows his bag,<BR>know sth. like the palm of one's hand.<BR> 混水摸鱼： fish in troubled waters.<BR> 成千上万： thousands upon thousands, many thousands<BR> 水深火热： live in great misery，an abyss of suffering，<BR>extreme misery<BR> 嗤之以鼻： give a snort of contempt， sniff<BR> 皮包骨头：skinny<BR> 一触即发：on the verge of breaking out，<BR>may be triggered at any moment<BR>imminent<BR>explosive<BR> 一生一世： life lifetime，all one's life <BR>from the cradle to the grave<BR>in all one's born days<BR> 一语道破：hit the mark with a single comment<BR> 充耳不闻：<BR> 出人头地：stand out, a cut above others<BR> 吹毛求疵：nitpick; find fault， find a quarrel in straw， carp cavil， criticize<BR> 破釜沉舟：burn one's boats， burn one's bridge<BR> 大惊小怪：make a fuss; be unnecessarily startled; <BR>get surprised at sth. perfectly normal<BR> 大海捞针：fish for a needle in the ocean; look for a needle in a haystack<BR>颠倒黑白：call white black， swear black is white，call black white and white black; reversal of black and white<BR>confound black and white;<BR>stand facts on their heads<BR>得意忘形：bloat， get dizzy with success<BR>攀龙附凤：play up to people of power and influence;<BR>put oneself under the patronage of a bigwig<BR>大发雷霆：be furious， fly into a rage， be torn by rage<BR>骑虎难下：be in for it， have a wolf by the ears<BR>视而不见：ignore; look but do not see<BR><BR>（三）谚语<BR>谚语的对等翻译和成语的对等翻译一样，也是从比喻意义、比喻形式、感情色彩三方面来体现的。其中比喻意义的对等是最重要的，其次是感情色彩，再者是比喻形式。如：<BR>1．Look before you leap. [看清楚了再跳]<BR>2．Make hay while the sun shines.[指有机会就要抓住活利用，做事要看合适的时机] [译：晒草要趁阳光好， 行事要趁机会好。] （Strike while the iron is hot.）<BR>3．There is no smoke without fire.[事出总有因][无火不起烟]<BR>4．Ill news travels fast. Ill new runs apace. Bad news travels quickly. Ill news flies fast.<BR>5．Practice makes perfect. Use legs and have legs.手脚越用越灵活。作事越做越会做。<BR>6．欲速则不达。The more haste, the less speed. Haste makes waste.<BR>7．出门一里，不如家里。 （lit: It is better to stay at home than to go abroad a half kilometer. Fig. There is no place like home.）<BR>8．拉入篮里就是菜。<BR>9．皇天不负有心人。Lit：Heaven does not disappoint people who take pains. Fig: Providence does not let down those who do their best. Or. Heaven helps those who help themselves. <BR>10．小巫见大巫. 日出月不见。The moon is not seen when the sun shines.<BR><BR>（四）英译汉句子翻译实例<BR>见46 页。<BR>1．Take with a grain salt. 对…持怀疑态度；有所保留.<BR>2．Have an ace up one’s sleeve. 握着王牌, 有应急的妙计.<BR>3．Go through fire and water. 赴汤蹈火, 历尽艰险.<BR>4．Have a lucky star above you. Have a good luck.<BR>5．Between the devil and the deep sea. 腹背受敌, 进退两难<BR>6．Reap what he sows. Have only oneself to blame.<BR>7．Throws cares to the winds. Beyond the highest heavens.<BR>8．Fair without and foul within. 口蜜腹剑, 犹大之吻( a Judas kiss.) A honey tongue, a heart of gall. 口蜜腹剑。<BR>9．Have a ready tongue. <BR>10. light-fingered gentry.<BR><BR>（五）汉译英句子翻译实例<BR>1．每况愈下：go down the drain，go from bad to worse， worse and worse<BR>2．迷人眼目：confuse the eyes of the people, cheat or fool others, throw dust in sb’s eyes.<BR>3．扪心自问：lay the hand on the heart and examine oneself. Examine one’s conscience. Search one’s heart, look into one’s own heart<BR>4．摩拳擦掌: rub one’s fists and wipe one’s palms, to be eager for a fight, be ready to fight, roll up one’s sleeves for battle, rub hands and clench fists in preparation for fight.<BR>5．全力以赴：do one's level best, go all out, go for broke, pull out all stops<BR>6．忍气吞声：swallow insult and humiliation silently, control oneself and suppress one’s indignation, eat humble pie, endure without protest, hold back one’s anger and say nothing, restrain one’s anger and abstain from saying , sallow one’s wrath and dare say nothing, swallow the insult in meek submission.<BR>7．走投无路： be driven into a corner, be driven desperate, be driven from pillar to post, be driven to desperation, come to the end of one’s tether. <BR>8．游手好闲：dawdle, eat the bread of idleness, rogue,<BR>9．引狼入室：open the door to a dangerous person, invite a wolf to the house, let the wolf to the sheepfold, set the wolf to keep the sheep.<BR>10．信口开河，shoot off one’s mouth, talk at random, <BR>11．一窍不通。know nothing about, be utterly ignorant of, it is all Greek to sb. Know nothing of , not to know the first thing about.<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top background=image/type/type11111.jpg colSpan=6 height=30><!--DWLayoutEmptyCell--> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> |
|
如果有路,怎怕前途坎坷;
假若有缘,何愁两地相隔.
I\'m I ! I\'m here! |
|
