dajie

我的答案是bacca

piggy_19840215

【Reference】
【参考资料】

A Brief History of the Roma
[吉普赛简史]

There are more than twelve million Roma located in many countries around the world. There is no way to obtain an exact number since they are not recorded on most official census counts. Many Roma themselves do not admit to their true ethnic origins for economic and social reasons. The Roma are a distinct ethnic minority, distinguished at least by Rom blood and the Romani, or Romanes, language, whose origins began on the Indian subcontinent over one thousand years ago. No one knows for certain why the original Roma began their great wandering from India to Europe and beyond, but they have dispersed worldwide, despite persecution and oppression through the centuries.

[有超过两千万的吉普赛人遍布于世界多个国家。由于他们不在官方的人口普查数据之列，因而无法统计吉普赛人的准确数字。考虑到经济和社会因素，许多吉普赛人本身并不愿意承认其真正的种族起源。一千多年前，吉普赛起源于印度次大陆（亚洲次大陆），它是一个独特的少数民族，至少可以根据Rom血统及语言来辨认它。没有人直到最初的吉普赛人为什么从印度游荡到欧洲以至更远的地方，即使遭受数个世纪的压迫和迫害，他们依然遍及世界各地。]

There have been several great migrations, or diaspora, in Romani history. The first was the initial dispersal from India about a thousand years ago. Some scholars suggest there may have been several migrations from India. The second great migration, known as the Aresajipe, was from southwest Asia into Europe in the 14th century. The third migration was from Europe to the Americas in the 19th and early 20th centuries after the abolition of Romani slavery in Europe in 1856-1864. Some scholars contend there is a great migration occurring today since the fall of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe.

[在吉普赛历史上有几次大的迁徙。第一次离开印度大约是在一千多年前，但一些学者认为此前已经有了几次（小规模）的迁徙。被称作the Aresajipe的第二次大迁徙发生在14世纪，从西南亚到欧洲。公元1856-1864年间，欧洲废除了针对吉普赛人的奴役。此后，吉普赛人开始了第三次大迁徙。此次迁徙从欧洲到美国，时间从19世纪到20世纪初。]

The Romani language is of Indo-Aryan origin and has many spoken dialects, but the root language is ancient Punjabi, or Hindi. The spoken Romani language is varied, but all dialects contain some common words in use by all Roma. Based on language, Roma are divided into three populations. They are the Domari of the Middle East and Eastern Europe (the Dom), the Lomarvren of Central Europe (the Lom), and the Romani of Western Europe (the Rom). There is no universal written Romani language in use by all Roma. However, the codification of a constructed, standardized dialect is currently in progress by members of the Linguistic Commission of the International Romani Union.

[吉普赛语言源自Indo-Aryan，口语中包含许多方言，但是基本语言是古Punjabi语或Hindi语。吉普赛口语十分多样，但所有的方言都包含一些被所有吉普赛人使用的单词。根据语言的不同，吉普赛人被分成三部分。他们分别是中东和东欧的Domari，中欧的Lomarvren，以及西欧的Romani。吉普赛语中没有通用的文字供所有吉普赛人使用。但是，the Linguistic Commission of the International Romani Union的成员正在建立拼写规则并开展方言标准化的工作。]

There are four Rom "tribes", or nations (natsiya), of Roma: the Kalderash, the Machavaya, the Lovari, and the Churari. Other groups include the Romanichal, the Gitanoes (Calé), the Sinti, the Rudari, the Manush, the Boyash, the Ungaritza, the Luri, the Bashaldé, the Romungro, and the Xoraxai. The first European descriptions of the Roma upon their entering Europe emphasized their dark skin and black hair. Through integration with Europeans over the centuries, Roma today can also be found with light skin and hair.

[有四个Rom部落，它们分别是the Kalderash，the Machavaya，the Lovari和the Churari。其它部落还包括the Romanichal，the Gitanoes (Calé)，the Sinti，the Rudari，the Manush，the Boyash，the Ungaritza，the Luri，the Bashaldé，the Romungro和the Xoraxai。最早的针对吉普赛人的描述强调了他们黑色的头发和皮肤。通过数个世纪与欧洲人的融合，今天也能发现浅色头发和皮肤的吉普赛人。]

Romani culture is diverse and there is no universal culture per se, but there are attributes common to all Roma: loyalty to family (extended and clan); belief in Del (God) and beng (the Devil); belief in predestiny; Romaniya, standards and norms, varying in degree from tribe to tribe; and adaptability to changing conditions. Integration of many Roma into gajikané (non-Roma, or foreign) culture due to settlement has diluted many Romani cultural values and beliefs. Not all tribes have the same definition of who and what is "Roma." What may be accepted as "true-Roma" by one group may be gadjé to another. Romani culture is diverse, with many traditions and customs, and all tribes around the world have their own individual beliefs and tenets. It would be invalid to generalize and oversimplify by giving concrete rules to all Roma. Despite what some groups may believe, there is no one tribe that can call themselves the one, "true" Roma.

[吉普赛文化十分多样，没有统一的文化形态。但是对于所有吉普赛人而言，他们共同的特点是忠于家庭，信仰鬼神，相信命运注定；吉普赛的标准规范随部落的不同而又一定程度的差异；此外对变化的良好适应性也是他们共同的特点。由于殖民统治，吉普赛人吸收了外民族的文化，进而丰富了吉普赛文化的价值观和信仰。没有一个谁或什么是"Roma"的相同定义。那些被一个部族认同的“true-Roma"可能遭到另一个的gadjé（反对）。吉普赛文化在风俗习惯上是多样的。此外遍布世界的各个部落都有它们自己的信仰和原则。通过固定的规则而获得的对吉普赛笼统并过于简单的定义是无效的。即便有一些部族相信，但没有一个部落能称自己是真正的吉普赛。]

There have been many large-scale, state-sponsored persecutions, or pogroms, against the Roma throughout European history. The Nazi terror of World War II is the most infamous and is responsible for the deaths of up to 1.5 million Roma in the Porrajmos (Holocaust). The recent collapse of the communist governments of Eastern Europe have rekindled anti-Roma sentiment in Eastern and Western Europe. Violent attacks against Romani immigrants and refugees have been permitted to occur with little or no restraint from government authorities. The Romani people remain the least integrated and the most persecuted people of Europe. Almost everywhere, their fundamental civil rights are threatened. Racist violence targeting Roma is on the rise after the fall of Communism. Discrimination against Roma in employment, education, health care, administrative and other services is observed in most societies, and hate speech against them deepens the negative anti-Roma stereotypes which are typical of European public opinion.

[在欧洲历史上，有许多针对吉普赛人的大规模、由国家发起的迫害和屠杀。在Porrajmos，最臭名昭著的第二次世界大战的纳粹恐怖屠杀了150万吉普赛人。东欧社会主义政府的垮台再度点燃了东西欧反吉普赛的情绪。针对吉普赛移民和难民的暴力袭击被允许，而少有政府当局对此加以限制。吉普赛依旧不被接受，并成为欧洲最受迫害的民族。几乎在任何地区，他们的基本人权都遭受威胁。在社会主义消亡后，针对吉普赛人的种族暴力日渐增加。在大多数社会中，针对吉普赛人的歧视仍然可见，这种歧视主要表现在就业、教育、医疗、行政和其他服务方面。同时，针对吉普赛人的恶毒言辞加深了消极的反吉普赛人的固有观念，这种观念成为了典型的欧洲共识。]

Anti-Roma attitudes also exist in the Americas to one extent or another. Misrepresentations of the Romani people in the popular press, books, films and television have contributed to negative stereotypes and characterisations. Special "Gypsy" units in some local police forces exist to warn the gadje population of "Gypsy" activities.  

[反吉普赛的态度也一定程度地存在于美国或其它地区。有关吉普赛人的误传存在于流行报纸、图书、电影及电视中，它们应对消极的形象和特征负责。在一些地方警察部队中，吉普赛团体受到特别的关注。]

In the last few years, the Roma issue has been addressed by various non-governmental organisations, national as well as international. Different approaches - economic, social, political, cultural, and others - have been applied in the hope of improving the living standards of the Roma, of promoting a more just social policy, of strengthening Roma cultural identity, or of encouraging Roma political participation. Solutions have been sought in the context of the struggle against racism and nationalism, as well as in the context of enhancing cultural pluralism. These recent projects are fragments of a growing all-European Roma movement that is now only in its formative stage. The shape of this movement is still amorphous and incomplete. There still exists no significant internationalised human rights strategy initiative to monitor the human rights situation of the Roma and to provide legal defense in cases of human rights abuse.

[在过去的几年中，吉普赛问题受到了许多无政府组织、国家和国际社会的关注。人们应用包括经济、社会、政治、文化的各种不同的方法来改善吉普赛人的生活水平，促进社会政策，加强对吉普赛文化的认知，鼓励吉普赛人参与到政治生活当中。在反对种族主义、民族主义，强调文化多元化的大背景下，人们找到了解决方案。目前，全欧洲的吉普赛运动正处于即将成熟的阶段，这些项目是推动全欧洲的吉普赛运动的一部分。这些运动的形式上不确定和完善。依旧存在毫无实际意义的国际化人权战略创新，用以监督吉普赛人的人权状况，并在人权受到侵犯时提供法律保护。]

The Romani people have been known by many names, including Gypsies (or Gipsies), Tsigani, Tzigane, Cigano, Zigeuner, and others. Most Roma have always referred to themselves by their tribal names, or as Rom or Roma, meaning "Man" or "People." (Rom, Roma, Romani, and Romaniya should not be confused with the country of Romania, or the city of Rome. These names have separate, distinct etymological origins and are not related.) The use of Rom, Roma, Romani, or the double "r" spelling, is preferred in all official communications and legal documents. In response to the recommendations put forth by Roma associations, the Council of Europe has approved the use of "Rroma (Gypsies)" in its official documents (CLRAE Recommendation 11 - June 1995). The trend is to eliminate the use of derogatory, pejorative and offensive names, such as Gypsies, and to be given proper respect by the use of the self-appelation of Roma, or Rroma.

[吉普赛有许多名字，包括Gypsies、Tsigani、Tzigane、Cigano、Zigeuner等。大多数吉普赛人用他们的部落名字来称呼自己，或是Rom、Roma，译为男人、女人。Rom、Romani或者两个R的拼写方式常常被用于正式沟通和司法文书。欧洲委员会已经同意将"Rroma"用于官方文件，作为回应建议将吉普赛联盟放到前边。消除使用带有贬义、侮辱和冒犯色彩的名称，给予适当的尊重是一种趋势。]

RORONOA

这个难度...

smallpink

1.a 2. a 3.a 4.b 5.a

phacy

B
D
D
B
A

brazil

my answer is  B   A     C     A     A

xss19890925

1.A
2.D
3.A
4.C
5.A

tandk119

b
a
c
c
a

djoy

1b  2a  3c   4c   5a

jjsoyet

a
a
a
b
c